#Wavesurfer 3000 skin

Micro- or nano-sized mists produced by electrostatic spray have been applied in a wide range of fields, including pesticide spraying, water purification, and seawater desalination 16.

Electrostatic spray is known as a technique for nanoparticulation of the solutions (i.e., generation of nano-sized mist) using electrical effects 14, 15. Further progress in transdermal drug delivery could be made if nanoparticles could be produced directly from aqueous or oil-based solutions in which the drug is dissolved by a simple process. Whereas they also have the disadvantage of requiring complex chemical processes. Plasma-generated nanoparticles 12, 13 may be used in these delivery systems.

#Wavesurfer 3000 skin

Nanotechnology delivery systems make it possible for drugs to pass through the skin barrier and reach the target area in a stable manner with long-lasting efficacy 11. In order to enhance the transdermal penetration of drugs, their nanoparticulation is important 9, 10. On the other hand, if drug penetration can be accelerated by allowing plasma to act on the drug itself, the scope of this application will expand to the respiratory and digestive organs, in addition to the skin, which is easily irradiated directly by plasma.

Transdermal absorption can be enhanced by directly irradiating plasma onto living tissue 8. Recently, new developments in transdermal absorption systems have been anticipated as a medical technology that reduces systemic load. The plasma application to a lesion in the body is no less surgically demanding for the patient, although it is better when the lesion is exposed, as in the case of burns, skin diseases, and wounds. Those biomedical applications are mainly based on the direct action of plasma-derived physical and chemical stimuli (i.e., heat, optical stimulation, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species) on the target. Recently, the plasma systems have been explored for application in the fields of medicine and biology as an effective tool for wound healing 4, 5 or cancer treatment 6, 7. Plasma in atmospheric pressure is a key technology supporting many innovations in industrial applications because of its generation of electric fields, optical radiation, heat, and reactive chemical species 1, 2, 3.

We anticipate the developed method for nano-sized mist generation to provide a technique in the applications of the transdermal absorption system, including those related to pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Ease of mist generation was influenced by the plasma-induced changes in physical and chemical characteristics, including electrical conductivity, viscosity, and chemical species. This method enables us to produce the mist potentially in the nanometer size range for both water-based and oil-based solutions. Here, we show a method to directly generate the nano-sized mist by passing a solution through the dielectric barrier discharge. Nanoparticulation techniques using indirect action by plasma, i.e., generation of electric fields, have the potential to be applied to promote transdermal absorption, where drugs pass through the barrier function of skin and penetrate into internal tissues. Most of the plasma biomedical tools use direct effects, such as heat, optical stimulation, and reactive chemical species, on the lesion. Plasma medicine, a therapeutic technology that uses atmospheric-pressure plasma, is attracting much attention as an innovative tool for the medical field.